The Art of public speaking Essay

Chapter 1 Speaking in publicPower of Public SpeakingGreek Pericles angiotensin converting enzyme who forms a judgment on all point but cannot explain it clearly might as well never had thought at in all on the subject Public articulateing is consistently rated high on employers lists The Tradition of Public SpeakingHistorical people who enjoymentd speaking efficaciouslySimilarities and Differences in Public Speaking and DailyConversation SimilaritiesOrganizing your thoughts logicallyTailoring your pass along to your hearingTelling a story for maximum impact- building up your storyAdapting to listener feedbackDifferencesSpeaking to groups is very highly mergedStrict time restrictionsMost preceptort allow for question interruptions (must plan for and prefigure questions that might arise in listeners mind) Public Speaking requires more formal languageNo slang jargon bad grammar or curse linguistic communicationHighly structuredPublic Speaking requires a different method of d eliveryProper posture, no vocalizing fillers for times ( uhh, urm, ehh) and avoid distracting mannerisms ( turn talking) and verbal habits growing confidence In your speech class40 % of people said public speaking was worst fearEveryone gets nervous at speaking, great speakers use this to help their speechFocus on transforming nervousness to one of positive nervousness ( controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for their presentation)Tricks to turn nervousness from damaging to positiveGet experience in speaking- the more you do it the les scary it will bebecause its not new and threatening Be prep atomic number 18d- 1- hours for every clarified spokenPick topics that are close to youThink Positively 5 positive thoughts for every negative oneVisualize you speaking wellYou dont look as nervous as you thinkPublic Speaking and Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking- focused organized thinking rough such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of eviden ce and the difference between fact and opinionThe Speech Communication ProcessSpeakerBe avid for people to be engaged in your speechMessageHave and intend message that will be actually be communicatedKeep a narrowed topicBe aware of the message you are sending with your voice, appearance, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. Dont let your non verbal cues distract from your intended messageChannel- the means by which a message is communicated byListener-person receiving spoken messagesFrame of acknowledgement- the total of the listeners knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes Because the speaker and listener will never have the very(prenominal) meaning of a speech itll carry a different meaning for each of them Feedback- messages sent for listener to speakerInterferencee- anything impeding the communication of the messageExtental- outdoors distracting noises or situationsInternal- distractions cominmg from the inside of a listnerSituation-time and place commu nication is going downTaioloring a speech to the context of the event (graduation, funeral, church)Public Speaking in a Multicultural WorldLanguage is the biggest barrier betweent difference in cultures Enthocentrisim- belief that ones own culture is superiorChapter 2 Ethics and Public SpeakingThe splendour of ethicsGuidelines for ethical speakingMake sure goals are ethically soundJust because your ethical background makes you for an issue someoe who mamkes a descision against you based on their ethics doesnt make them wrong Be fully prepared for a speechBe prepared because you not exactly was your time if you speak badly but you waste the individuals in the audiences times as well.Be HonestHiding the truth to protect the vast community isnt wrong but lying to protect yourself is Dont juggle statistics, quote outa context, misrepresenting sources, painting tentative findings as finite, citing unique situations as normal representation or substitute innuendo and half-truths for pr oof turn away Name calling and abusive languageName calling- the use of stereotypical labels meant to degrade and dehumanize and silence opponent sides. Using such language is a destructive social force and will also make your audience doubt you entire speech and message Plagiarism- passing off someone elses work as your own without credit Global Plagiarism- copying an entire document or speech exact Patchwork Plagiarism- piecing together more than one document and passing of as your own. Can have some transitions but a vast majority is in all copied Incremental Plagiarism- failing to give credit to an author of a quotation or paraphrase of ideasWays to stop accidental plagiarismTake tint of title of documentGroup/person responsible for the documentDate document was last updatedDate site was accessedGuidelines for ethical earshotBe dainty and attentiveAvoid prejudging the speaker master(prenominal)tain free and open expression of ideasChapter 3 listenListening is ImportantListe ning- pay close attention to and qualification sense of what we hear Good sense of hearing improves efficient, sales, customer satisfaction and employee morale Effective listening correlates to higher gradesListening and Critical ThinkingTypes of listenersAppreciative listening- listening for pleasure or enjoymentMusic movies comedyEmpathic listening- listening to provide emotional support for a speakerFriends, family, psychiatristComprehensive listening- listening to understand the message of a speakerClass room lecture, listening to directionsCritical listening- listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or gaiety itSales pitch, campaign speeches, sermonsFour Causes of Poor ListeningNot ConcentratingLetting your mind wander and not focus on what is being saidListening too hardTrying to remember insignificant amounts of information verses the speakers main pointsJumping to conclusionsInstead of waiting for answers just assuming the worst and going with it mark a s peakers message as unimportant before even giving them a chance Focusing on delivery and personal appearanceHow to construct a better ListenerTake Listening SeriouslyBe an Active ListenerGive your undivided attention to the speaker to genuinely undertake and understand their point of viewResist distractionsTry anticipate what the speaker might sayReview what the speaker has already saidDont be Diverted by Appearance or DeliverySuspend judgmentUntil you hear the entire speechSet aside your own prejudices, frames of reference and desires to fullyappreciate what the speaker is exertioning to get acrossA closed mind is an empty mindFocus your ListeningListen for Main PointsListen for evidenceMatched up with the main points to support themQuestions to ask about evidenceIs it accurate?Is it taken from objective sources?Is it relevant to the speakers claims?Is it competent to support the speakers point?Listen for techniqueTake note of any speakers techniques of delivering the speech to better your own speech techniquesDeveloping broad(a) note taking skillsFocus on important main pointsThe key word outline- outline that briefly notes a speakers main points and supporting evidence in rough outline formChapter 4 Giving Your First SpeechPreparing Your SpeechDeveloping your SpeechFocusing Your TopicDont try and coer everythingStick to the time limitDeveloping Your TopicBe creativeOnly use humor if it comes natural and doesnt offend any oneOrganizing the SpeechIntroductionGrab the interests of the audienceOrient audience with subject matter of speechBodyOrganize either chronologically or topicallyUse effective transitionsLimit and focus number of main pointsConclusionRelate back to intro without restatingSignal that you are concluding barricade stronglyDelivering your SpeechSpeaking Extemporaneously (appears conversational)A hybrid between writing the whole speech and writing nothing Uses a brief structured outline but uses spontaneity to help fill in the gapsRehearsi ng the SpeechPresenting the SpeechStartingRelaxed natural postureLook confidentPlant your feet suffer natural small gesturesEye contactVery important and will impress audienceVoiceUse inflections dont go over bored dont sound monotoneProjection is keySLOW DOWNChapter 5 Selecting a Topic and a PurposeChoosing a TopicTopics you know a lot aboutDraws from your own experiences and knowledgeThink unusual and unique to youTopics you want to know more aboutSomething you are interested in but have little knowledge in without researchSomething you have very strong opinions inBrain StormingPersonal documentWrite everything about you( hobbies, experiences, wishs, opinions, everything) and decide where to go from thereClusteringMake nine lists of about 4-5 entries (people places things events processes concepts natural phemonoms problems and plans) From that big list pick 3-4 entries that interest you and free- fellow traveler those out until you get aunique interesting speech idea Internet SearchScan an online web site based encyclopedia like thing for possible topicsDetermining the General PurposeTo informperforming like a teacher giving a lectureTo persuadeActing like a partisan or advocateDetermining the Specific PurposeNarrow down into 1 sentenceTips for formulating the Specific purpose argumentWrite the Purpose as a complete sentenceExpress your purpose as a statement, not as a questionAvoid Figurative LanguageLimit to one ideaMake sure purpose isnt vague/ generalPhrasing the Central IdeaChapter 6 Analyzing the AudienceAudience-CenterednessImportant questionsWho am I speaking toWhat do I want them to know/believe/or do as a resolving of my speechWhat is the most effective way to compose my speech to get this aim Your classmates as an audienceThe psychology of audiencesPeople are egocentric and only care about what they are going to get from a speech Your audience will only grasp concepts in their frame of referencedemographic audience analysisAgeEach generatio n has similar general values and experience that shape them differently from the rest GenderMen and cleaning lady are not alike in their beliefs so take account of that ReligionSexual OrientationBe inclusive and avoid derogatory impairment like lifestyle and homosexual Race, ethnic and culturalBackgroundsGroup MembershipsBASICALLY BE GENERAL AF AND DONT STEP ON ANYONES TOES EVER BCZ hoi polloi ARE SENSITIVE Dont try to fully change their viewpoints just open their minds Situational audience analysis-audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as sizing physical setting and the disposition of the audience to the speaker, topic, and occasion SizeLarger=more formalSize effects..LanguageChoice of appealsVisual aids physiologic setting liking toward the topicThings that effect the likelihood your audience will be captivated InterestKnowledge and interest goes hand in handKnowledgeAttitudeDisposition toward the speakerTalk about things you are an expert on and definitely stay away from things you cant relate toDisposition toward the occasionDont go against the norm of typical speeches recognized at such occasionsGetting information about the audienceAdapting to the audienceChapter 7 Gathering MaterialsUsing your own knowledge and experienceDoing library researchResources you should useLibrariansCatalogueReference booksEncyclopediasYearbooksQuotation booksBiographical aids publisher and periodical databasesAcademic databases