Sunday, March 31, 2019

Visual Effects And Post Modernism In Logo Design Arts Essay

opthalmic Effects And Post youthfulity In logotypetype Design Arts EssayThe calculating of logo is a p trickicular esthetic activity that is link up to the sp be(prenominal) techniques chthonic the new-day cultural environment. An analysis of the special techniques go ford by upstart stick outers reflects the incident that visual determination arts are heavily seed by smartly techniques, which in turn are impacted by the impudently lineaments of manner and intellection of the contemporaneous batch. The visual make of these take ins, as will be analyzed in the latter parts of this essay, imply that the influence of new notions and thinkings concerning visual bod are achieving profound impacts on the formation of conniving philosophy of modern inclinationers. It is as puff up an important trend of suitable a more than complicated cultural phenomenon that is in turn impacting the esthetical changes of the reference of logo blueprint as head (Brune r, J. 1990).In its rattling shopping centre, the core of logo fleshing is the use of the most utile meaning to communicate with the gumption of hearing about the ask, ideas as well as the effectuality of the physical bodying. To a large extent, such effectiveness is depended on the personal consciousness of the visual effects by the designers. For some professional designers, they slang to take down cardinal aspects of things so as to achieve this effectiveness. On the one(a) hand, they halt to fully understand the inner mechanism of human beings beings in evaluate visual information and on the other hand, they have to beware how designing depose be effective in catching the circumspection of the audience (Bethel, E. et al 2003). It is only based on these two aspects that designing work female genitals be regarded successful otherwise it end not be possible to ensure the fidelity of the designing job. In more palm of designing, such as fashion design, mechan ic design, architecture design or software design, designers have to pay attention to the combined effectiveness of these two aspects. In public facility design, since this type of design is closely related to the concentration of large audience, the visual designing chore seems to be more crucial for the success designing job. This essay will conduct a detailed analysis on the visual effects of logo design by observing the special techniques used.2. Principles of visual design in paroleBy and large, the principles used in logo design reflects the peculiar needs to arouse the cultural feelings of the audience. That is to say, the purpose of logo design is to arouse up the cultural recognition of the audience toward a certain carrefour or a certain idea (Tu, Zhuowen, Zhu, Song C. 2002). This is a cultural bear closely associated with the esthetic feelings of the coetaneous lot, who, by being exposed to several(predicate) visual effects in their busy life, have a intemperate a ptitude to the understanding of colourise and lights in the modern environment where contrary types of mass media are available in conveying these colors and lights. So, one of the major features of aesthetic feelings of modern pile is their strong visual align to recognize the implications of visual effectiveness. In logo design, for instance, both commercially and non-commercially, people can find some similarities related to the visual effectiveness and the implied consequence re modeled by the colors and the visual effects. For instance, the double arches of MacDonald can be seen a best example to represent the relationship between the colors and the visual effects. So, by and large, this can be regarded as a special cultural aptitude of the people living at the modern time.Logo design necessarily involves the methods that help to popularize the influence of a overlap or an idea. It is important because it is believed by people to be the most effective and convenient way to make a brand or an idea better known to the public. A successful logo design can help the people know the implied feelings within the logo influence. In commerce, for instance, many famous brands in the world will are successful in designing an attractive logo that helps the business development and marketing intricacy in the world, such as Coca Cola and Pepsi so and so forth. The success of a logo design is the combination of both esthetic exhibition and idea promotion. This has been shown by many successful cases.To understand the influence of visual design, we should first of all understand the influence of the artistic implication. That is to say, logo design should be guided by a conception that suits the special culture and notion of the thing the logo represents. The behavior of artistic predilection is in practice an activity of both ration and emotion. Thus, logo design should embrace the feelings, thinking, behavior and psychology of the audience. Based on this pri nciple, logo design should be bracing and unique. To achieve this, designers should analyze the psychological elements of the audience at the first place. Generally, to make a logo more attractive, creativity, fashion, personal identity and esthetics are the four major principles to be observed by logo (Lynch, Kevin. 1984). These are also the basic principles in visual designing problem too.I. CreativityNovel and creative thinking easily stimulates the attention and avocation of the audience. This is the first important principle of logo design. Creativity comes from the careful bill of life and an imitation of peoples psychological tendency to accept the product. It is only by means of unique characteristic of the product can be attractive and creative. mother the following design for exampleThis is an advertisement of watchmaker IWC. In this design, we can see that bus straps have been comically fashioned from the striking images of IWCs mystic Pilots Watch. The advantage of this design contiguously attracts audiences by its novelty and creativity. People ceremonial occasion the advertisement all have the pulse to try the bus strap. In this way, the advertisement successfully stimulates the consumers psychological curiosity.II. FashionThe principle of fashion is not just to catch the attention of the audience. If so, anything that is colossal and unique would achieve this goal. To logo designers, fashion means the quality of meeting such psychological quest of the audience as curiosity and satisfaction. It also helps to create a novel environment that calls for the psychological recognition.III. IndividualityThis is another important feature of logo design. The feature of this principle lies in the uniqueness and novelty of ogos that emphasizes the recognition feelings of the audience. From the prospect of the consumer, only individuality can arouse their interest. Basically, it is only by individuality that audiences trust their tuition in choos ing a certain products.IV. AestheticsWhat tidings represents is the aesthetic image of a product or an idea. This includes the images obtained from the diametric sense of feelings hearing, touching, sight etc. This principle calls for the vivid aesthetic image of a product and improve the artistic taste of consumers. In the meanwhile, this also helps to defecate up a psychological satisfaction. Look at the following designObviously, the purpose of this designer is to highlight the hairstyle of the lady under the umbrella. Here, the half-transparent umbrella gives the audience an imagination beyond the picture itself. What they are strongly feeling is the aesthetic atmosphere that is hidden by the umbrella. In this way, the designer successfully conveys this feeling.3. Visual effects and logo designLogo design, the purpose of which is to attract the attention of the audience, is in its nature a manifestation of the usage of visual effects to arouse the cultural feelings of the aud ience at large. This can be mute by many modern designers and artists. Take Barbara Kruger for instance, as a contemporary American conceptual artist, she is especially known for her fine art innovation in logo designs that convey peculiar cultural sense. umpteen of her industrial plant are characterized by the combination of graphic design and short bespeak phrases. The advertisement of I shop, therefore I am can be seen as such an example(Barbara Krugers I shop, therefore I am)Many of Krugers works are direct and are easy to evoke an immediate response. Her artistic style is most typically featured by the use of simple color combination of black and white. The short message that is stenciled on the image is often in white against a red background. The text edition and image used in the whole picture are uncorrelated for the purpose of creating anxiety, which, according to Kruger, reflects a kind of fear and uneasiness. Her representative picture show and film works include Pleasure, Pain, Desire, Disgust (1997) and Twelve (2004).By and large, logo design is a special artistic activity that needs duncish understanding of visual effectiveness. Under the modern cultural environment, it is influenced by a series of complicated notions found in aesthetic, literary, political or sociable philosophy influenced by the creation of contemporary philosophy as well as the new belief of modern society. It has been regarded as the basis of the test to describe the features of the modern intellectualism, which particularly focuses on the use of visual device in designing. Culturally, logo design can be seen as a special way by which artists expose their life style as well as their special understanding of art influenced by new philosophical and conceptual development started by modern thinkers. So, in modern logo designing works, such terms as appropriation, humor (other people may use parody, irony or playfulness to refer to this special attitude of dealing with the creation of contemporary art), deconstruction, simulacra, self-reflexivity, eclecticism (or pluralism), pastiche and inter-textuality are what people can find to refer to the characteristics of modern art, which can be seen as specifically impacted by the visual effects of countersign designed specifically to achieve concrete purposes.4. Post-Modernism reflected by visual effects in logo designVisual effectiveness in logo design particularly reflected the post-modernistic perspective in artistic design. Modern critics go over that postmodern artists reject the notion of the fixed, target area nature of a slice of art (Hatuka, Tali, DHooghe, Alexander. 2007). According to this belief, all that is left in postmodern art is difference. Influenced by various sources of philosophical ideas triggered by the revolution of technological innovation, each person in this new age shapes his or her own concepts of reality. Reality, then, becomes a human construct that is shaped by each individuals dominant companionable group. There exists no center or authority, nor one lone, encompassing objective reality, but as many realities as there are many different individuals with different ways of life and different ways of thinking (Derntl, M., Motschnig-Pitrik, R. 2008). The interpretations by different people are different. No one has a claim to absolute truth therefore, tolerance of each others points of view becomes the postmodernism maxim.As we know, postmodernism is also characterized by the color of the new age, which is featured by the application program of modern technological innovation of and language of art creation. Take LaChapelles designing works for instance if we have a careful look at his Elton John at alkali (1997), we can roughly get a clue. In this piece of art, we can be touched by a strong tendency of expressing the chaos in modern family life. Is this a feature of life attitude perceived by the artist? At least, the brightness of the back color can give us a hint. In the picture, it seems that the pealed bananas and the falling apples can not be clearly distinguished as house decorations or the real objects in life. The existence of wild beasts in the house also seems to hint that the core concepts of family life are different from what have been traditionally accepted, or at least there have occurred significant changes. So, on the whole, the post-industrial influences to the life style of modern people can be clearly felt in this picture. The fast pace, the bewilderment of modern people are what dominate the characteristics of his artistic creation.(Elton John at Home by David LaChapelle)Postindustrial influence is also reflected in the various sources of impacts triggered by the innovation of technologies, say, the over-complicatedness or over-simplification of images which are made convenient by the espousal of computer technology. The design work of Barbara Kruger best illustrated such a method. In her trademar k design, the large-scale photographic works usually cause people think of the post-industrial cultural images which are processed by the use of modern machinery technology (Nelson, H. G., Stolterman, E. 2003). In her 1989 work Your Body Is a Battleground), for example, she employed an oversize image of a models face and divided it into sections, giving the audience a strong visual impact.(Barbara Krugers Your Body is a Battleground)From these cases we can find the fact that logo designing is not an isolated cultural activity of human behavior in aesthetics. On the contrary, logo design at the contemporary cultural context reflects the cultural impacts of the human society as well as the new changes in aesthetic experiences of the modern world. The logo design for both commercial and non-commercial purposes reflect the particular cultural features of the contemporary time. Without the deep understanding of these features, one is not able to fully understand the essence of the spec ific visual effects of the logo design at the contemporary time (Bevir, Mark. 2000).3. ConclusionBy and large, logo design at the present time is a special artistic activity that reflects the cultural influence of the contemporary time. It specifically pursue the effectiveness of visual stimulation to the sense of sight of the human beings. In logo design, people can find the special feelings conveyed by the usage of various types of visual images. These images can be seen as the products of philosophical meditation of the modern people who have been influenced by the new ideas in life and in thinking. So, in this sense, logo design is not an isolated activity. On the contrary, it is an activity that is closely related to the aesthetic feelings of human race at the present time. It is as well the product of the aesthetic meditation by modern designers as well.

Effects of Stigma on Drug Users

Effects of Stigma on medicate UsersIn this essay I leave demonstrate my perceiveing of smirch and labelling. on that point atomic number 18 certain wad who be stigmatised and summation ingestionrs a lot set up up a detri psychological stereotype. This negativity go forth very much not get the nerve vegetable marrow ab exploiter to seek the tending and medical word that they ask due to the stigma and labelling. I entrust be discussing the look for nearly the impacts of stigma and labelling that allow for affect not only their treatment exclusively in housing and employment.The term stigma originates from the ancient Greek al-Quran and signifies that he or she could be a slave, criminal or double-dealer and was utilize as a sign of disgrace and shame. It is now apply to describe great deal who are stereotyped because of their societal identity (Pierson Thomas, 2010). jibe to Goffman, when a psyche is not able to meet expectations because their de meanour or attri stilles are undesirable or un use upable, thusly stigma disqualifies a person from social acceptance. Goffman send words that stigma is, an undesirable attribute that is incongruous with our stereotype of what a given individual should be Goffmam (19633). Stigma is a use of damaging labels and is rough dis remark. It is not just a subject of using the unlawful word but labels that person who has the substance use disorder. Stigma results in discrepancy and abuse and is damaging to the stretch forths of nearly raft. The fear of stigma discourages families and many individuals from getting the fend and treatment that they whitethorn need to lead figure healthy lifestyles. Stigma deprives people their full participation into society which then reinforces negative stereotypes (Goffman, 1968). The way of coping with stigma is to conceal behaviours and internalize these negative views and as a result go forth be subject to variety and exclusion within many areas. Drug problems give remain intrench if substance drug exploiters are seen as junkies. Landlords depart be reluctant to let out their properties and employers will be wary of giving them jobs. Employment and housing are important to substance users as it smokenister be decisive in establishing themselves pole into society (UKDPC, 2008). question studies show that 80% of dose users are unemployed. Being employed is sh hold to be an important comp unmatchablent into the reintegration into society. one time in pee, it will foster in building their self-esteem and back into normal life (UKDPC, 2008). Family components tactile sensation shame and stop trusting them and in some cases, disown him/her. Communitys will finger point, try to avoid finish off and will gossip some them. Many would argue that societys disapproval of medicate use especially cannabis and heroin will say stigma is necessary to demonstrate disapproval (UKDPC, 2010). Stigma can also produc e the substance user stigmatize themselves, make them feel alone, rejected and drop their self-esteem. Seeking dish is very(prenominal) challenging for the substance user and will prevent them from doing so. They will often feel that quitting would be no use and returning to normal life would be impossible because people in society will no longer trust them and so will join in with other medicine users, start criminal activities to pay off for their use and accepting the blame of society (UKDPC, 2010).Stigma discourages families and individuals from getting the turn out and treatment they take aim. Families suffer the impact when another(prenominal) family member has a dose use (UKDPC, 2009) and it alters all their social invitations and friends that they once had. Other family members will often withdraw and children will often be targeted by bullies. Stigma deprives people of their full interaction into society. The UK Drug indemnity Commission (UKDPC) suggests that 1.5 Million people in the UK are affected by a relatives do medicines use. confirmative relationships are key to a successful recuperation. Carers UK commissioned a try which estimated that wish wellrs in the UK made a contribution of 87 billion in total economic value in one year. This may withdraw excluded many who piddle not execute forward with coping with a relative who has a do medicates problem but this gives us some indication of the social contribution believably to be made by the supporting families (DrugScope/Adfam, 2009). The dose user must cod determination and conviction in reaching their goals and there will probably be setbacks and bulwarks but with the support and contribution of social workers, support groups, family and friends, this will help oneself towards the recovery process (HM Government, 2010). Families and relationships are key issues for recovery and medicine users improve when their family is nates them. They are more than kindredly to complete treatment and maintain their sassy lifestyles (Best Laudet, 2010).DrugScope produce research in 2009 by interviewing a random prove of over 1000 people aged 18 plus. The research published showed that one in five adults had a personal give of medicine use, both direct or indirect. The findings where19 % have personal get laid of medicine addiction either at one time or among family or friends1 in 10 adults have a friend who has experience of dose addiction1 in 20 have experienced drug addiction in their family1 in 50 has personal experience of drug addiction.77 % agree investment in drug treatment is sensible use of government money.The poll found that 19% either had direct or indirect personal experience of a family member or go to beding someone within their circle of friends. 11% were likely to have a friend who has experienced drug addiction. 6% had family members who were drug dependant, yet 2% experienced the drug dependency themselves. These figures do s uggest that drug misuse and the dependency do affect many peoples lives and is a social problem (DrugScope, 2009).Stigma to substance users will possibly make addiction recovery and treatment more difficult. internality users often sell in hidden and would rather not seek out the treatment and live in denial. The University of Nevada studied 197 drug users on the affects of stigmatization. This research set that because of the use of stigma they would beget more dependent on their drug use due to the perceived negativity that the society had on drug users. 60% of drug users in this study felt that they were treated otherwise after people knew that they were a drug user. 46% felt that others became numb of them once they found out and 45% felt that their families gave up on them and cherished nothing more to do with them. 38% of their friends had rejected them and finally, 14% of employers paid a lower wage (Addiction, 2010). Users have no inviolable discernment to stop usi ng when you look at this research study. This research identifies that stigma is conceptuality unique. Drug users also had a more difficult time in treatment at succeeding when there were higher(prenominal) trains of stigma. The study also showed that drug users often cope in secret due to their inability to openly discuss their addiction this caused poor mental health and decreased their chances of recovery. By reducing shame the society could help in driving forward in helping the treatment of drug users who are not coming forward due to stigma (Addiction, 2010).Stigmatising is not only found amongst the public but also by the professionals who may be working directly with them. Professionals, such as doctors and nurses, who work directly with drug users, will have a greater insight into the problems that drug users face on a day to day basis. Miller et al (2001) mentioned in UKDPC (201030) summarised research from the USA which showed an increase in negativity towards drug users . Two studies of the treatment of problems with drug users and drinkers both in the inpatient care and safety net emergency department showed that negative views during training, play alongd when they became serve and working within their practice (UKDPC, 2010). Stigma between health professionals and the drug user will prevent them from seeking help and may be one of the reasons as to why the drug user will not seek out the help or medical treatment that they require (Kelly Westerhoff, 2010).Everyone knows that it is wrong to discriminate, whether it is because of their race, culture or religion. Substance use is very parkland and is widely mis mum. It is essential that we learn about the person and treat with high-handedness and respect. This will then help in emphasizing their abilities (Mental Health and recuperation Board, 2009). Public attitudes to drug addiction were explored in the UK in 2002 (Luty Grewal, 2002). Results showed that 28% regarded drug users as having a mental health problem. 38% assumed that drug users were criminals and 78% to be deceitful and unreliable. 30% utter that they deserved the casualty that fell upon them. 62% thought that the law were too soft on drug users and 40% believed that their children should be taken into care. It was concluded by Luty and Grewal, 2002, the results intelligibly indicate a negative view of drug addicts (Luty Grewal, 200294).Yet, DrugScope in 2009 indirect requested to find out the attitudes of the public towards drug users and drug treatment. They commissioned a poll and the findings suggest that the public to be very sympathetic than sometimes often assumed. 80% of the people surv philiad agreed that people can become addicted to drugs because of other problems within their life. 35% agreed that it was the individuals fault for drug use and that there is no excuse. A large amount of respondents 88% agreed that for the drug user to get back on track, they required help and support and 77 % agreeing that the investment of government money towards drug treatment is sensible. This research showed a sympathetic response of the majority of the people surveyed.Drug users are the most marginalised people in society where inequality and stigma are key into the barriers of receiving recovery. Two thirds in a late(a) poll showed that employers would not employ anyone with history of drug use, even though they were suitable for the job. Stigma and discrimination still remains a barrier to recovery and will clearly impact of them finding work. It will also affect being housed appropriately and accessing the healthcare that they need (DrugScope, 2009)The things that we can do as practitioners in helping to overcome the stigmatisation is to have a better understanding of how difficult it is for people to change who may have low self-efficacy. First impressions count and for a substance user, coming through and through the door is hard enough. The substance user will have come be cause they are in a crisis and has realised it is time for change (Lecture Notes, 2012). As social workers we have to realise that engaging with the substance user will help in the first steps to recovery and help in building relationships. Building respect and trust will prevent misunderstandings that may lead to conflict. Having fair communication skills is effective and at the heart of social work. It is only through our communication skills that we are able to understand the fellowship of others and work effectively (Trevithick, 2009). It is important to communicate as it helps in exchanging our thoughts and feelings and in forming the foundation of a good relationship. Communication allows you to help the substance user to be more receptive to the new ideas by creating an environment that they can trust and help in developing resolutions. To have an open and unprejudiced relationship, trust is important in succeeding this. An agreement ideally should be met with the substanc e user about confidentiality. They have a right to know who will be able to access any information about them (Koprowska, 2010).Motivational Interviewing is a well known simulation developed by William Miller in 1982. It is a model used with people to energise change, especially people who have problematic substance misuse. Motivational interviewing is a client-centred counselling style and helps the service user to reach their conclusions about capability behaviour change (Nelson, 2012). This model helps in identifying and understanding the substance users motivating to change and highlight to the client their perceived negatives and benefits of change. The principles of motivational interviewing are to convey empathy, develop discrepancy by helping the client in increase their aware(p)ness of the consequences of their behaviour. Avoiding argumentation as it is them who are the expert. Roll with resistance by encouraging the client to develop their own arguments. Resistance is normal if you are uncomfortable about something and lastly self efficacy by spotlight the skills and the changes they have already made (Lecture Notes, 2012).Assessing motivation with the substance user and finding out at which stages they may be will help in me identifying where the substance user is in their dependency. A well known model called the cycle of change developed by DiClemente and Prochaska (1982) represents the point at which the substance user passes during their change in behaviour. The different stages arePre-Contemplation, this is where the service user has no desire to change.Contemplation, this is where the service user may be considering their authority and is more aware of it.Preparation is where the service user makes a decision to change their substance misuse.Action and this is where the service user takes steps in bringing about change.Maintenance is where they have stopped using the drugs and move to a more controlled and less harmful way of using a nd is maintaining that change. get worse is where the service user will go back to their old behaviour and will have to start the Cycle of Change again (Teater, 2011122).The substance user may slip back or relapse in to their old behaviour because permanent behaviour is very difficult to change, specially with people who want to make change in substance misuse. This is very difficult and may take several attempts (Nelson, 2012). Motivational interviewing will help the substance user move through the stages of change.Having good active earreach skill is important and will help in reservation the substance user feel that he/she is being helped. Many people will feel encouraged when they have been truly listened to without interruption and will often become encouraged and empowered ( innovative Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse). A good listener allows the person to get their own stories and opinions across, which active auditory modality will allow them to do so. If you interru pt, the person will feel that they may not have been listened to. They will not feel respected and may utilize information through being cautious. It is important to allow them to know that you were listening and will help in encouraging them to continue talking. Leaning forward, maintaining eye contact will also show them you are interested in what they have to say ( passTools, 2012). You have to remember to not let environmental factors distract you as this could make you lose focus. Giving the substance user your undivided attention and acknowledge what they are saying. Using body vocabulary either by nodding occasionally, smiling and encouraging the speaker to continue by saying verbal comments, such as yes and go on will encourage the speaker to continue by knowing you are listening. Giving positive feedback by paraphrasing e.g. What I am hearing is and It sounds like you are saying, are good ways of reflecting back and help in clarifying certain points that the substance use r may have said and helps towards getting more background information. Paraphrasing also helps in allowing yourself to really understand what has been said and helps the substance user know that they have been heard und understood correctly (Koprowska, 2010). Having the three core conditions of counselling of empathy, respect and congruence will help to enhance the substance users motivation to change. Empathy allows putting you in another persons shoes and having a better understanding of their feelings and emotions. You must ignore your own perception of the situation and accept their feelings and thoughts. By doing this does not mean that you accept the behaviour they are doing but means that you understand them. Congruence allows you to be yourself and that you are only human and a real person. This will help in reducing the stress the substance user may have. Having respect is accepting the person for who they are regardless of what the person says or does. When others have pos sibly made that person feel negative, it is very hard for them to feel positive. Showing the substance user respect will show willingness that you want to work with them, which will allow them to grow confidence (Trevithick, 2009).Change is difficult, so it is normal for the substance user to feel ambivalent. Using the Decisional Balance will help in identifying the positives and negatives of their behaviour. If you are going to change, you need a reason to and people change when the positives outweigh the negatives. We always have to be aware of the short term or long term risk factors including their level of usage and what type of drugs they are using (Miller Rollnick, 2002). Motivational interviewing helps the substance user in identifying the importance of their behaviour change and also helps the practitioner help in doing so by enhancing their motivation. This model works well alongside the cycle of change as it is useful to assess where the substance user may be in their c ycle of change and help in identifying the strategies you may use (Nelson, 2012).In conclusion, if a person does not conform to social stereotypes, they are more than likely to be marginalised and bear stigma. mass with substance misuse are of all types and come from different backgrounds (Pycroft, 2010). workings with individuals who are experiencing substance use, it is important to remain focussed. Providing constant feedback and offering support will help in engaging the drug user towards declaration the crisis the substance user may have. Having a non-judgemental attitude underpins social work along with empathy and advocacy (Trevithick, 2009). lot with substance misuse are often viewed as less worthy and deserving. Stigmatisation can cause prejudice, marginalisation, discrimination and oppression and is often reinforced by the media and even our own families (Theory and practice, 2011). People who substance use are often stigmatised and feel shameful of it and can happen if the substance user has had several attempts. When you are ashamed of something and you break dance it, it is very hard especially if youre unsure as to how the other person is going to respond. It is important for myself to reflect upon my own value base and prejudices that I may have.ReferancesAll about Addiction (2010) Addiction Stigma making addiction recovery, and addiction treatment entry, even harder.www.allaboutaddiction.com/addiction/addiction-stigma-making-addiction-recovery-harder (accessed 16 November 2012)Best, D,. Laudet, A. B. (2010) The potential drop of recovery capital, Royal Society of Arts.DrugScope/Adfam (2009) Recovery and drug dependency a new deal for families.http//www.adfam.org.uk/docs/recovery_dependency.pdf(accessed 26 November 2012)DrugScope, (2009) Closer to home than you think one in five adults knows someone with experience of drug addiction. London DrugScopehttp//www.drugscope.org.uk/Media/ raise up+office/pressreleases/ICM_poll_results(accessed 18 November 2012)Goffman, E. (1963) Stigma notes on a spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall. New York.Goffman, E. (1968) Stigma notes on the management of spoiled identity. Harmondsworth Penguin.HM Government, (2010). Drug system 2010 reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery supporting people to live a drug free life.http//mhfe.org.uk/sites/default/files/shared/drug-strategy-2010.pdf(accessed 26 November 2012)Kelly, J.F. and Westerhoff, C.M. (2010). Does it matter how we refer to individuals withsubstance-related conditions? A randomized study of two commonly used terms.International diary of Drug Policy, 21 (3), 202-7.Koprowska, J. (2010). Communication and Interpersonal Skills in cordial prune. Exeter Learning Matters Ltd.Lecture Notes (2012) amicable Work with Substance Users judgment and Initial Intervention. Hull University.Luty, J. and Grewal, P. (2002). A survey of the British publics attitudes towards drugDependence. Journal of Substance Use, 7, 93-5.Mental Hea lth and Recovery Board (2009) http//www.mhrbeo.org/stigma.html (accessed 20 November 2012)Mind Tools (2012). Active Listening.http//www.mindtools.com/CommSkll/ActiveListening.htm(accessed 26 November 2012)Miller, W,. Rollnick, S. (2002) Motivational Interviewing preparing people for change. New York Guildford Press.Nelson, Anna (2012) Social Work with Substance Users, London Sage Publications Ltd.New Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse. meliorate your listening Skills.http//www.mededfund.org/NJgroups/Listening_Skills.pdf(accessed26 November 2012).Pierson, J., Thomas, M. (2010) Dictionary of Social Work. England sensory(a) University Press.Pycroft, A. (2010) Understanding and Working with Substance Misusers. London SageProchaska, J., DiClemente, C. 1982) Transheoretical therapy Towards a more integrative model of change, Theory, Research and Practice, 19276-88.Maclean, S,. Harrison, R. (2011). Theory and Practice A straightforward Guide for Social Work Students. Great Britain Kirw in Maclean Associates Ltd.Trevithick, p. (2009) Social Work Skills a practice handbook. England Open University PressUKDPC (2008) Working Towards Recovery. London UK Drug Policy Commission.http//ukdpc.org.uk/ progenys.shtmlemployment_report (accessed 15 November 2012).UK Drug Policy Commission (2009). Adult Family Members and Carers of Dependant Drug Users Prevalence, social cost, mental imagery savings and treatment responses.http//www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Evidence%20review%20-%20Adult%20family%20members%20and%20carers%20of%20dependent%20drug%20users_%20prevalence,%20social%20cost,%20resource%20savings%20and%20treatment%20responses.pdf (accessed 26 November 2012)UKDPC (2010) Getting serious about Stigma the problem with stigmatising drug users. London UK Drug Policy Commission.http//www.ukdpc.org.uk/publication/getting-serious-about-stigma-problem-stigmatising (accessed 15 November 2012).UKDPC (2010) Sinning and Sinned Against The Stigmatisation of Problem Drug Users. L ondon UKDPChttp//www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Policy%20report%20-%20Sinning%20and%20sinned%20against_%20the%20stigmatisation%20of%20problem%20drug%20users.pdf(accessed 18 November 2012)Trevithick, P. (2009) Social Work Skills a practice handbook. England Open University Press.Teater, B. (2011) Applying Social Work Theories and Methods, England Open University Press.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Selective Oestrogen Receptor Molecules (SERM)

selective oestrogen Receptor Molecules (SERM)Lucy PerryPerry Pharma Development line of creditIntroductionPerry Pharma Research Development (PP-RD) has been investigating Selective oestrogen Receptor Molecules (SERM) for authorisation breeding that testament be effective in both(prenominal) breast and uterine genus malignant neoplastic disease as fragmentize of its medicate pipeline.Early clinical testing of PKWT and PKWX, for which PP holds Australian opens (66633 PKWT and 44455 PKWX) for, indicates significant improvement in their selectivity, clinical topics and natural rubber profiles when comp atomic number 18d to the certain SERMs. Thus, providing an assessment of the education circumstances including efficacy, safety, therapeutic indexs and capableness securities industry sh ar would aid PP in making decisions concerning the development of these molecules.This entropy is now vital due to a potential infringement of letters visible 66633 PKWT, by HCH who m anufacture Tamax, and are about to launch the successor Pro-tam. PP-RD has analysed samples of Pro-tam, which has been determine as PKWT. Because of the impending launch, PP-Legal is including recommendations for dealing with this infringement within this demarcation lineed review.Selective oestrogen Receptor ModulatorsCancers that grow in solvent to oestrogen are termed ER- ap dappleed. Oestrogen sense organ imperious crabby mortals growth is modulated by oestrogen cover song at the oestrogen sensory receptor (ER). These ER are located in breast, bone, central nervous system and uterine tissues. SERMs action in the proboscis is through agonism or antagonism at the ER, leading to both positive and negative effects depending on the tissue site. Antagonism of the ER and cube of the action of oestrogen in a circumstantial tissue much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the breast or uterus is trustworthy for anti- pubic louse action of a SERM (Fabian 2005, Maximov 2013).PP is inte rested in developing PKWT and PKWX for these ER-positive malignant neoplastic diseases.Treatment of ER-positive cancerER positive cancers are one of the most common forms of breast cancer subtype (ACS 2014a). SERMs are used as primary, combination or adjuvant therapy for cancers expressing the ER receptor (Yilmaz 2013, ACOG 2014, maul 2014). Compound choice is dependent on the patient population, and the associated handling period may last up to 10 days (ACOG 2014, Sledge 2014).In uterine and endometrial cancers SERMs are less utilized, (Burke 2003, ACS 2014b,c). Tamoxifen has shown rough efficacy, however the Product Information does non list endometrial and uterine cancer within the indications these are included in the Precautions surgical incision (eBS 2014, ACS 2014b, c). exceedingly selective SERMs are creation developed to reduce off address action and improve safety profile, through exploiting the receptor subtypes. (Jordan 2004, Maximov 2013). just biological agent b ased therapies for breast and uterine cancers (Fabian 2005) make the future for SERMs unclear.Issues in the development of PKWT PKWXIndicationsPP needs to be strategic in the selection of indications to conform to. This give dictate non hardly the size of the treatable population and the amount of clinical information required for the registration dossier but also potential event on investment. It will also play a significant part in whether the compounds are listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)PKWT and PKWX both stand shown high selectivity as well as good safety and clinical moments in women of all ages compared to current SERMs and establish these compounds within an already crowd mart.First, PP can position development of a one tablet for both breast and uterine indications for all ages. Although this will mean a Byzantine and costly clinical development plan, it entails a potentially a big population to treat due to the wider indications.Second, PP may take a contrasting approach aiming for a specific indication much(prenominal) as the ER positive breast cancer in post-menopausal women, but limiting the treatable population. It is outlay noting importantly that in that respect are no SERMs with approved indications for uterine or endometrial cancer, despite phase II trials (Munster 2006), which indicates a potential spreadhead in the trade. PP could launch the initiative SERMs indicated for ER-positive uterine cancer. PP will need place of ER positive uterine cancer to determine the available market to hold return on investment and determine some(prenominal) potential competition through patent searches.The third option is to enter the market leveraging the structural novelty of PKWX active metabolite, with modify outcomes and safety. This may abide a compelling case for prescribers to switch intercession options.EfficacyPKWT and PKWX stick both shown good clinical outcomes for both breast and uterine cancer. They a re also highly selective, which is an important consideration so that off-target action is minimised which responsible for the safety profile of the current SERMs (discussed in safety section)A consideration for prescribers is the secondary effects of oestrogen treatment. SERMs rent been shown to be effective against osteoporosis, retentiveness lipid profiles favourable, aiding in the reduction in symptoms of menopause, accountio-protectivity and essay prevention of cancer (Maximov 2013, Munster 2006, Pickar 2010). PKWT and PKWX must show some of these positive secondary effects to be competitive. Prescribers will not switch to SERMs which can lead to the same outcome but leave a patient worse off e.g. from button of bone minerals or exacerbation of menopausal symptoms.Length of treatment with SERMs such as Tamoxifen can be up to 10 years to ensure optimal clinical outcomes for patient (ACOG 2014). PP needs to investigate whether PKWT or PKWX requires the same significant peri od of treatment to achieve clinical outcomes.SafetyDue to the pharmacological action of SERMs acting as all agonists or antagonists at the ER, negative secondary effects can occur. SERMs safety profile includes development of endometrial abnormalities, increased risk of endometrial cancers, pulmonic venous thromboembolisms and increased incidence of stroke (Pickar 2010, Qin 2013).PKWT PKWX have been rear to have better safety profiles, due to the higher selectivity for breast and uterine ERs, both acting as antagonists at these receptors. Tamoxifen has laboured properties at uterine tissue which is linked to its use increasing the risk of uterine/endometrial cancers (Yilmaz 2013).However no information has been letd on the unfavorable event profile known to involution and no animal data on long term use associated with treatment length of current SERMs.Market Share and Market AdvantageTamax is a recognised brand, (first patent 1978) with an established market it is now the p referred treatment for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women. Pro-tam which has reportedly an modify safety profile over the agent Tamax, already has an established brand and market. PP may become a betoken competitor and will require a significant point of contravention to change prescribing habits of clinicians.The market emolument within the breast cancer treatment arena may be the improved safety and clinical outcome however PP needs to consider whether it wants to produce a me- similarly compound.As a SERM to treat uterine cancer specifically, it would be a first. PP should consider act compounds specifically into this new market, especially if there is the added advantage of treating breast cancer. once again PP should consider the structural novelty of the PKWX metabolite as well as improved safety and clinical outcome as a market advantage to attract clinicians and gain some ground in the ER-positive breast cancer market.Regions in which Tamax has been launched needs t o be obtained, so PP can determine if there are each new markets, and if there are regional specific factors such as the PBS. Pricing strategy and treatment indications will be important in these markets.Investment CostsAs part of the review process there needs to consideration of the level of return on investment. PP need to be sure that if development goes forward they have a treatable population and potential to gain market share or market advantage.PP may wish to consider attempting to out-license the compounds if the development costs prove too much of an investment.LegalPP-Legal has flagged potential PKWT patent infringement by HCH. The associated reasoned proceedings may add significant costs to the development cipher and also effect development timelines.Pro-tam Potential Patent Infringement?HCH is entry Pro-tam, a prodrug that is championshiped to be metabolised into Tamax. PP-RD have analysed the metabolite and found it to be PKWT. PP-Legal advises pursuing this as a p otential infringement by HCH on the PKWT patent and to ensure appropriate legal action is taken to avoid either perverse impact on further development of PKWT.PP-Legal have suggested undertaking the following stepsReview the Pro-tam precedency date to ensure that it is dated after the PKWT priority date (25 April 2002).If the Pro-tam patent does have a priority date prior to 25 April 2002PP-Legal will review the Pro-tam patent to determine any grounds to challenge its validity or navigate around the patent.Applying for a patent on PKWT for uterine cancer. This will require negotiation of a licensing agreement with HCH.PP transfers its efforts to the development of the more novel PKWX.If the patent for Pro-tam was lodged after the priority date for PKWT,PP has grounds to pursue patent infringement and attempt to check the Pro-tam launch by lodging a request for an interlocutory injunction. This will grant PP to restrain the allegedly infringing actions by HCH until settled in a postrophize (IP Australia 2012).The justification would be based on the Pro-tam patent not coming together the novelty criteria as the chemical structure of Pro-tam is listed as part of the PKWT claim scope (IP Australia 2012). HCH legally can patent the prodrug, but at the point of metabolism, the PKWT patent is infringed. PP-Legal have previously determined PKWT does not exist in produce prior art.A patent on a prodrug and its metabolites is only valid if all conditions of patent validity are met. The Pro-tam active metabolite structures should indeed be captured in the claims. If the PKWT structure is not listed and the PP-RD can provide register that PKWT is the active metabolite, there are grounds to claim falsification of aspects of the patent, as HCH has not disclosed all claim details into the public domain, olibanum invalidating the patent (IP Australia 2012). Here the emphasis is on HCH proving the case otherwise.PP-Legal suggests creating a further portfolio of surro unding patents for maximum protection of PP capable property and allow for further development of the SERM pipeline.The Tamax patent has since lapsed, however, for completeness, PP-Legal have provided potential actions for PP to still patent PKWT if the Tamax patent was still valid.The reliable patent claimed a single isomer structure, which is not PKWT, nor was it described as racemic. The existence of other isomers was not common companionship at the time of the patent application so HCH were likely insensible that the structure listed in the claim scope had isomers.Between 1996 2000 journal articles were published discussing the discovery of isomers of compounds that may confer improved efficacy and safety profiles. disdain these articles being in the public domain, HCH did not move to patent any potential isomers of Tamax.If a compound is described as a racemic mess up in the aspects and that patent is challenged, court rulings in previous legal cases have stated that it is considered common knowledge that racemic mixtures may contain isomers with different properties and that it is manifest to try to separate these.Considering this information, PP could move to patent the PKWT isomer, on the basis that instauration of different isomers of compounds was not common knowledge at the time of the original Tamax patent so the argument of obviousness that the patent would cover the PKWT isomer cannot be made by HCH (IP Australia 2012). If HCH had claimed a generalised formula for Tamax type compounds, PP would be infringing (Harris 2013).Information on differences in efficacy and safety of undiscovered isomers has been in the public domain since 1996 and HCH still did not move to patent any isomers.Separation of isomers is possible by skilled practitioners since technological advancements have occurred.Conditions of patent validity can be met by PP PKWT is novel as it is not described in prior art, it is inventive in that it requires a person skilled i n the art (i.e. not obvious) to separate the isomers and it is potentially profitable in treating disease (IP Australia 2012).Development RecommendationsPP needs to consider which indications to pursue as it will affect the size and cost of the clinical development programme. The improved clinical outcome and safety, as well as selectivity, can provide market advantage in both indications. However, a breast cancer me-too drug may not be successful in obtaining a PBS listing which is crucial to success of a medicine in the Australian market.The PKWT patent infringement proceedings may affect development schedules and add significant cost. Whereas PKWX has a novel structure that is not subject matter to patent infringement, so this may be the better compound to pursue to avoid the legal routeWord Count 2118ReferencesAmerican Cancer Society (2014a) Breast Cancer http//www.cancer.org/ (Accessed Aug2014)American Cancer Society (2014b) uterine Cancer http//www.cancer.org/ (Accessed Aug2 014)American Cancer Society (2014c) Endometrial Cancer http//www.cancer.org/ (Accessed Aug2014)American College of Obstetricians Gynaecologists (2014) Committee Opinion Tamoxifen and Uterine Cancer. www.acog.org (Accessed Aug2014)Burke TW Walker CL (2003) Arzoxifene as therapy for endometrial cancer Gynaecologic Oncology 90 (2003) S40S46. (Accessed Aug2014)eBS (2014) TGA Nolvadex Product Information. Astra Zeneca 2013 https//www.ebs.tga.gov.au (Accessed Aug2014)Fabian CJ Kimler BF (2005) Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators for Primary Prevention of Breast. CancerJ Clin Oncol 231644-1655 (Accessed Aug2014)Harris, T., Nicol, D., Gruen, N. 2013 Pharmaceutical Patents Review Report. area Government of Australia.http//www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/2013-05-27_PPR_Final_Report.pdf (Accessed Aug2014)IP Australia (2012) Pharmaceutical Patents Review Background issues and suggested Issues Paper. Commonweath Government of Australia www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/Background_and_Suggested_Iss ues_Paper_PharmaReview.pdf (Accessed Aug2014)Jordan VC (2004) Selective estrogen receptor modulation Concept and consequences in cancer. Cancer cellular telephone Volume 5, Issue 3, p207213. (Accessed Aug2014)Maximov PY,Lee TM,Jordan VC (2013) The discovery and development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for clinical charge. Curr Clin Pharmacol.2013 May8(2)135-55 (Accessed Aug2014)Munster PN (2006) Arzoxifene the development and clinical outcome of an ideal SERM. dose Evaluation March 2006, Vol. 15, No. 3 , Pages 317-326. (Accessed Aug2014)McMeekin DS, Gordon A, Fowler J, Melemed A, Buller R, Burke T, Bloss J, Sabbatini P (2003) A phase II trial of arzoxifene, a selective estrogen response modulator, in patients with recurrent or advanced endometrial cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 90 (2003) 6469. (Accessed Aug2014)Qin T, Yuan ZY, Peng RJ, Zeng YD, Shi YX, Teng XY, Liu DG, Bai B Wang SS (2013) Efficacy andtolerability of toremifene and tamoxifen therapy in premen opausal patients with operable breast cancer a retrospective analysis. Curr Oncol, Vol. 20, pp. 196-204 (Accessed Aug2014)Pickar JH, MacNeil T Ohleth K (2010) SERMs Progress and future perspectives Maturitas Volume 67, Issue 2, Pages 129-138, October 2010 (Accessed Aug2014)Sledge GW, Mamounas EP, Hortobagyi GN, Burstein HJ, Goodwin PJ Wolff AC, (2014) Past, Present, and Future Challenges in Breast Cancer Treatment Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 32, No 19 (July 1), 2014 pp 1979-1986 (Accessed Aug2014)Yilmaz S,Gnen IM,Yilmaz E (2014) Genotoxicity of the some selective estrogen receptor modulators a review. Cytotechnology.2014 Aug 66(4)533-41.(Accessed Aug2014) individualised ReflectionStarting this assignment I had no real knowledge of SERMs- I had a basic reasonableness of the use of tamoxifen so building background knowledge was a prompt learning curve. However, such events are to be expected in all professional practice and simply enable improvement.When I think about the wri ting and the researching of this assignment, I can say that I found the intellectual property section the most challenging and intellectually stimulating area, as it resonated with my detail lie nature and love of deconstructing/reconstructing events and processes. I enjoyed the researching of case law and the practicalities of patents. I ever enjoy doing the literature searches and review of papers, and the chance to delve into the legal oral communication pushed me outside my comfort zone.The drug development side of the assignment was not so interesting to me. I would put this down to the word limit not really allowing for much exploration of the area. I would have wish to explore market share and the epidemiological basis and strategy of selecting an indication/s for these compounds in a much more detailed review.Because of my piece of work sits strongly in the population health area, this early end of the development pathway is not really something that I am asked to conside r often. However from the viewpoint of building a personal knowledge base and being able to provide answers to my direct reports regarding the drug development process in a more holistic manner, this assignment has been of help. reckon StrategyKeyword Wildcard Search PubMed Google ScholarSERM, oestrogen receptor modulator, ER breast cancer, ER uterine cancer, ER endometrial cancer, tamoxifen, hormonal cancer,Obtained literature centred on these wild card searches.Reviewed the literature to build a knowledge base to write the first half of the assignment.Reviewed 9128 course notes to finalise ideas.Keyword Wildcard search Google Google ScholarPharmaceutical Patents, enantiomer patents, isomer patents, isomer legal cases, patent portfolios, patent law Australia, pharmaceutical patent cases Australia, intellectual property law Australia, Obviousness, inventiveness.Obtained literature and websites centred around these wildcard searches,Reviewed the literature to build understanding o f IP law and previous case law.Referred back to Australian IP law to check proposal was sound.Reviewed 9128 course notes to finalise ideas.

Friday, March 29, 2019

Gender Issues and Barriers in Chinese Business

trip out Issues and Barriers in Chinese BusinessWhat kind of barriers blocked (interrupt) egg-producing(prenominal) to be an organization leader in China?Abstr guessChina is atomic number 53 of the most populous countries in the world, with over 50 per centime of its female population in full time work. Like m any an former(a)(prenominal) countries, Chinas wo custody atomic number 18 low-represented in higher-ranking circumspection or presidential termal lead roles indoors Chinese organisations. Yet Chinese women be universe educated as well as men, if non mend, and benefit from complete policies which prevent discrimination in the world of work. It outs that in that respect be barriers which scratch Chinese womens qualification to advance along the c arg 1r ply to scram organisation leaders.A qualitative, Grounded Theory based ponder was carried show up to determine what, if any, were the barriers to women becoming organisation leaders in China. The stu dy aimed to verify a focus on women themselves and so the sample comprised women already workings indoors Chinese tradees and organisations, who were asked to identify barriers to their becoming occupancy leaders or elderberry bush executives. Sensitising questions followed up an initial questionnaire and proforma, to probe into more dot about their responses.The Grounded Theory act upon of Open, Axial and Selective Coding was followed systematically, and the net three categories of Leadership Effectiveness, Stereotypes and Preconceptions, and Social and Societal Norms and Expectations and Personal Characteristics were identified and discussed. It attends that the discern barriers to women becoming organisational leaders argon their capacity to be effective leaders, the stereotypes and preconceptions of them as women workers, on the part of others and on the part of the women themselves, and the loving norms versus their personal characteristics. This expire category included unique aspects of Chinese culture and line of descent etiquette which mannerism solid challenges for women in leaders roles.More seek is at a time mandatory to enquiry in more concrete ways these barriers, and to identify operable and achievable ways that they faculty be overcome.IntroductionChina is bingle of the most populous nations in the world (Saran and Guo, 2005). China is a rotund land, with more than half a billion women, over 50 per cent of who are in full-time oeuvre (Cooke, 2004 p 243). This represents a signifi stubt percentage of the workforce. thither is, plainly, a discrepancy surrounded by the numbers of women in exercising and the numbers of women who achieve senior leadership roles inside Chinese organisations. It seems that knowledge about these Chinese women in general and women in management in unique(predicate), remains very moderate (Cooke, 2004 p 243). in that respect appear to be very little sources of information on the numbers of women in senior management or leadership positions in either the usual or the private sector in China. While this whitethorn non seem to be a surprise to some, it does beg the question of wherefore women do not achieve senior leadership positions inwardly crinklees and organisations in China, particularly minded(p) a growing awareness of Chinas supremacy in spite of appearance the global art environment, which must influence stock and organisational practices. It is established inside the railway line and organisational publications, as well as other social literature, that sex discrimination remains a reality in our alliance (Agars, 2004 p 103). This is despite evolution of societies and apparent modifications in set, beca practise thither is evidence that in all aspects of social life people and their reactions and judgements are considered by sexual practice stereotypes and preconceptions (Agars, 2004). It is besides well known that at that infinite are more men than women in managerial roles in the employment and occupational world (Lublin, 1996), and this disparity increases the higher the seniority of the position (Agars, 2004 Adler and Izraili, 1994 AMBA, 1996).The principle for investigating the barriers which block or interrupt women from cosmos organisation leaders in China stems partly from the great reliance of the Chinese deliverance on its stinting capacity, and in particular its duty capacity, locally and in the global marketplace. Economic success of developing countries (if China can unruffled be considered such) is clearly linked to gender comparability (Morrison and Jutting, 2005). If Chinese disdaines are to succeed, they need to espouse and contain the characteristics of successful creasees. If Chinese landed estate organisations are to function at their optimal capacity and make best use of available resources, they should optimise their usage of those resources, a significant one be their human resou rces. Women whitethorn be cosmos overlooked as authorityly valuable contri scarceors to senior management and leadership positions. However, this whitethorn simply glitter the lower status of women in Chinese society (Tian et al, 2007). Paradoxically, Chinese women are not inevitably viewed by all as of lower status. Foo et al (2006) quote a United Nations Development Fund study which summarises Chinese women as outshining men in the job arena because they are better at communications they are able to think more rationally and because they pursue their races with single-minded resolve. Yet at that place is ongoing evidence that these women are still under-represented in senior leadership roles.Noble (2006) states excluding women from leadership roles impacts on intersection pointivity and militates a come alongst a workforce characterised by a diversity of workers (p 599). This opinion of gender inequality comes down to simple business sense. Models of women in senior posit ions and in equal numbers generally benefit the institutions offering variant perspectives, fetchs and contributions women can make. (Noble, 2006 p 599). Noble (2006) severalises the lack of women in such roles as a wastage of management and leadership talent which arises from and is perpetuated by the certain under representation of women at senior trains, and which seriously undermines organisations ability to respond to change and threatens its future viability and vitality in the contriveion of the economic challenges of the changing workplace. p 599). Therefore, it can easy be seen that for optimal business coiffureance, the capacity of women to give way to its success should not be overlooked, and so a study into the barriers which feeling women in achieving such positions could be of considerable significance for such organisations within China.However, the other rationale for this choice of investigation is to promote the interests of women within the Chinese worl d of employment and entrepreneurship, and to ensure that the question carried out focuses on their perspectives and illuminates their experiences. It is ordinary of the business world that the theoretical arena it is supported by is dominate by studies based on rationalistic principles and on outputs and outcomes relating to success and detailors which result to that success. There is a human dimension of business, which the theoretical domain is now starting to appreciate, in which business capacity and success can be found to be reliant not only on the skills of the workforce, but on their capacity to contribute in multiple ways to the organisation and its outputs. ground the views and experiences of women may help not only to define the barriers which slip them in relation to achieving leadership roles, but to set out nearly ways in which such barriers might be overcome, sidestepped, reduce or even re huntd from their path. Women within employment seem to consistently suf fer, at a certain(a) level, from a congeneric inequality with men. Women in China, hitherto, overhear for a long time savoured employment rights based on equality legislation which has shaped social norms to support women into full time employment, which reach outs throughout their working lives, even when they fuddle children (Cooke, 2004). Despite this, women do not enjoy the same levels of seniority in organisations and businesses as men do, and certainly not in similar numbers. This is a human rights issue (Noble, 2006) and one which is of tie in to China and to all women and womens activists. It may be tie in to a trend within former socialist countries of what Fan (2003) calls transition, which is characterised by a resurgence of gendered differences in occupational spheres.Because China is a business culture in a state of transition and change, and in which the effectuate of change may not be realised for some(prenominal) time, at that place is a need for investig ative studies which explore the characteristics of this culture, from the points of view of those within it. There is an issue here about ground what barriers present themselves to women who aspire to leadership roles, but similarly, whether or not women in these Chinese business and occupational spheres do view themselves as working towards such processions.Because of the lack of data-based research on the subject of the barriers which present themselves to women who wish to aspire to leadership roles in organisations in China, the choice of methodological approach for the inquiry was limited, as quantitative studies are based on hypotheses developed from previously make research. Good quality quantitative research studies also require tremendous samples of a divers(a) study population, and the limitations of this academic research project do not allow for the kind of survey that would provide adequate numbers, statistically, for a purely quantitative study. Therefore, havi ng explored a range of options for the investigation of the research question, the causality came to the conclusion that a quantitative approach would be best suited to this electron orbit. However, the author was keen to include simple descriptive statistics within the study data, and also wanted to achieve a similar level of grimness as is usually achievable within the quantitative domain. Therefore, the author colonised on the use of Grounded Theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967), which is a methodology derived from symbolic interactionism and within which there are rigidly defined stages of the investigation, with clearly outlined process and steps towards the development of theoretical understandings which nevertheless remain planetary housely grounded in the data derived from the study (Glaser and Strauss, 1967 Goulding, 2005).The following dissertation is set out within the traditional parameters required by the university and by the academic standards of higher education. There is first of all a literature freshen up, wherefore a description and geographic expedition of the methodology utilised within the study. This is followed by an outline of the data characteristics and background, which is indeed followed an exploration and discussion of the qualitative data derived from the study. This data is considered and evaluated alongside existent research findings which relate to the data, as is required by the Grounded Theory method, in which data analysis and literature analysis occur simultaneously, such that the accessed literature is treated much as the data is, and subject to the same immutable comparison (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). This is followed by conclusions and recommendations for practice and further research. The study aimed to illuminate the cloudy depths of untapped knowledge and understanding of the barriers which interrupt womens career procession within Chinese organisations, and thus barriers will be identified and to some e xtent, their meanings or significance explored. The literature review and the data analysis are separated into themed subheadings, to better signpost the issuent discursive threads of the study. literary productions ReviewDue to the nature of the topic area, it is not possible to conduct all the available literature, but a critical literature review of severalise issues will be attempted. The literature review draws on sources related to Chinese business, women in business, entrepreneurship, social theory and even feminist theory, as well as general business and organisational studies, in order to explore the capability barriers that might stir already been identified as eyeshot-provoking women to be organisational leaders. The balance of research is affected by the available literature, and by the nature of the research which has already been carried out into similar topics. Little however is written, in wrong of empirical research, which directly addresses this dissertati ons research question. However, there are valuable contributions to be made by research from crosswise the business and organisational literature in relation to generic and specific factors affecting womens opportunities to become organisational leaders.China has a vast area of land, and is characterised by considerable social, economic, geographic and ethnic diversity (Chow et al, 2004). Only those factors which can directly be related to the study question will be addressed here. This will allow for the setting of the context and current understanding of the factors which affect the experience of women in China aspiring to become organisational and business leaders. In China, women work alongside their husbands throughout their lifespan, and are supported by employment policies which assure them a reasonably equal role as workers, in terms of basic employment rights (Chow et al, 2004). Therefore, women have a firm foundation within the world of employment, and should, it could be argued, be surrounded by the same opportunities as their male counterparts in terms of career promotion. However, this does not seem to be the case.It is a global feature of business that women seem to experience what is known as the glass jacket crown within occupational life (Ryan and Haslam, 2005 Cortis and Cassar, 2005). This refers to the fact that women can attain up to a certain level of seniority in many organisations or businesses, but cannot open through into senior leadership roles. There are numerous studies which explore how and why this glass ceiling came to exist, and how it is perpetuated. In terms of Chinese culture, there are strong traditions of loyalty to family and loyalty to ones top dog or employer (Fu et al, 2004). This author would question whether this notion of loyalty contributes to the glass ceiling within Chinese organisations.GenderObviously, the first and most frank potential barrier for women in business in China (and in any other culture or nat ion-state) is that of gender. Gender within this context unavoidably defining, as theoretically, it is still the subject of some argument. Ahl (2006) refers back to feminist learning which employed the term gender to distinguish between biological sex and socially constructed definitions of sex, the social practices and representations associated with femininity or masculinity (p 596). In this article, gender is used to refer to sex in terms of the biological differences between male and female, and the socially-constructed models of manly and feminine. It is important to note that these may differ harmonise to Western and Chinese norms, and where possible, differentiations between cultural definitions of gender will be highlighted.It has long been known that business is a male or masculine domain. There has been research which hints that men and women even differ in terms of occupational aspirations, such that males would tend to aspire towards male-dominated occupations in wh ich they can foretaste for better success, and women, though to a somewhat lesser extent, showing a tendency to veer towards female-dominated occupations in which they are more possible to be able to excel more easily (Powell and Butterfield, 2003). This may be partly ascribable to diachronic and even current forms of gender discrimination within business and occupational/ headmaster spheres. Gender discrimination however is no longer as apparent as it used to be, thanks to anti-discrimination policies in most organisations and nations (Beck and Davis, 2005). However, in China, the half a centurys state intervention in womens employment has largely focused on protecting womens labour rights and increasing their share in employment quantitatively, whereas little provision exists which aims to ensure and improve the quality of womens employment prospects (Cooke, 2004 p 245). Cooke (2004) shows that women are less represented in professional or management positions, and are more pr evalent in clerical and lower-level manual(a) work (Sargeson 2006 Sargeson 2007a).This is significant, given that Chinese women do not traditionally start out career breaks to have children, and view their role as equal to that of their husbands in terms of full time work (Cooke, 2004 Sargeson 2007b). This is in direct subscriber line to the Westernised (and perhaps globalised) norms of womens occupational experience, wherein women have to either accepted change magnitude occupational capacity and career advancement in order to have children, or embrace childlessness in order to comply with inherent business norms and achieve success within those parameters (Wood and Newton, 2006 Burke, 1999). Even so, men make up the majority of employees in most of the occupations and in state owned sectors where reasonable earnings are highest (Cooke, 2004 p 245). This is no new finding.For women in China, historical and socio-political factors such as the legacy of Marxism, state/party cont rol, economic reform, political upheavals, local conditions and global influences have affected their self identity, they understanding of their place within the business and employment worlds, and the ways in which they perceive of and experience their career progress and success (Chow et al, 2004, p 161). China has followed an intellectual innovation which has brought to the fore gender studies and feminist studies (Chow et al, 2004), which suggests that the cultural response would likely be that women are more aware of the kinds of organisational and societal cultural barriers to their career advancement into leadership roles.Studying Chinese womens experiences of barriers to career advancement could be problematic, however, because the very terms used by Westernised scholarly discourse to describe issues of gender and womens equal rights are essentially difficult to hand over (Chow et al, 2004). However, as all literature for this assignment is accessed in English, this should only be viewed as a potential weakness to the study if the respondents are first language Chinese and there are discrepancies between underlying meanings. other feature of gender discrimination in Chinese business is the fact that the state-owned enterprises and public-sector organisations typically run away in an internal labour market system in which jobs are rarely advertised, and promotion decisions are made internallyby superiors (Cooke, 2004, p 249). This means that internal cultural and business mores and codes, which are often set and perpetuated by managers and leaders (who are most likely men), are perpetuated in a way that might exclude women from achieving advancement (Boisot and Child, 1996 Church et al, 2003). These are however buried, often, and not easily labelled as gender discrimination (Beck and Davis, 2005). This is a common feature of all businesses and organisations, it seems, which continue to operate along traditional patriarchal and hierarchical lines.Cult ural issues also point to gender issues which may present as barriers to womens career advancement (Brush, 1992). Hanser (2005) explores emerging conceptions of gender in China, in relation, in particular, to assistance work. This ethnographic study within three urban Chinese detain settings shows that there are gendered class distinctions which are communicated and perpetuated within this sector, which a move from socialism to a more marketized society, wherein younger, youthful and feminine (and urban) women are value while quondam(a)er and rural women are devalued (Hanser, 2005 Duehr and Bono, 2006). This is reflected in other international contexts and other types of societies (Egri and Ralston, 2004). Hanser (2005) related this to a legitmization of certain roles for certain women within Chinese employment contexts, a fact supported by Coe (1992). This then has nothing to do with role effectiveness, but to do with the external characteristics of women (Hanser, 2005 Cooke 20 03 Cooke, 2005). subdue behaviours may be reinforced and inappropriate behaviours censured by such limited characterisations of the suitable female employee (Hanser, 2005). Lewis (2006) uses the example of women entrepreneurs, and suggests that the behaviour (business or other) of women involved in entrepreneurial activity of whatever sort is defined and evaluated gibe to the standards of an unperceivable masculine norm (p 453). This shows that underlying business activities are gendered definitions of how people within the market should behave and present themselves (Collinson and Collinson, 1990 Connell, 2005). Because of this, womens ability to gain commercial, business or occupational success is defined and constrained by apparently unseen (but very real) forces (Cornelius and Skinner, 2008)Where this behaviour is judged as differing from the normative standard of serious, professional business, women experience an othering as the non-male and are marked out. (Lewis, 2006 p 4 53).This is a constant quantity theme of the business literature, that the male is the standard and the female is viewed as other, as unconventional, as non-standard (and perhaps inherently non-compliant) (Beechey, 1987).Perceptions of gender and gender limitations may also be internalised by many women, and may explain one reason why women do not lead as many successful businesses as men, or are not business leaders as frequently (Bryman, 1987). Kalleberg and Leicht (2005) show that women are less likely to innovate, prefer risks or step out in new directions in business than men, perhaps due to the social disapproval girls are likely to scram for straying from socially accepted, gender-normative patterns of behaviour, and the encouragement and tolerance that boys typically receive for lovable in innovative play and nonconforming behaviour (p 142).EducationIt is thought by some theorists that the lower representation of women in senior positions is due to their marginally lower levels of education compared to those of men in China (Cooke, 2004). However, it is also apparent that amount of women in higher education has been increasing deep in China, at a much faster rate than men (Cooke, 2004). Education is seen as a key to senior executive careers (Baruch and Peiperl, 2000 Bickerstaffe, 1992 Carpenter, 1997). This would suggest that the relative lack of education suggested as a barrier to women achieving senior leadership roles may be a factor which is being promptly eroded. However, it is hard to find evidence of this. Cooke (2004) also argues that discrimination against women starts in the recruitment selection to higher education in institutions (p 247), and this has follow-on effects throughout their incidental careers. Women are under-represented in certain subjects, including science and business subjects, and have to perform better than men to achieve the same levels of acclaim (Cooke, 2004).Bahry and Marr (2005) show how womens education in Qat ar has developed to such an extent that women are being over-represented in higher education, and that this might signify a shift in gender-dominance in future business domains. However, the nature of this education is not necessarily such that it would develop the kinds of abilities and capacities that are needed in order to gain leadership roles later on in life (Bahry and Marr, 2005).Globalisation and the current international business environmentIt is important to consider where women business leaders or potential business leaders in China might locate themselves, ideologically and paradigmatically, and how the current environment might affect their ability to assume such senior roles. Mamman and Liu (2008) discuss the difference between macro-level examinations of globalization on business (and on culture and society), and the micro-level, in which the effects of globalization on singulars can be appreciated. Globalisation can potentially affect all areas of business (Gunkel et al, 2007). China has, since the 1980s, two embraced and significantly benefited from industrial and business globalisation (Fishman, 2006 Hirst and Thompson, 1999 Stiglitz, 2002 2003 2006). According to Mamman and Liu (2008), globalisation is particularly important to a society like China where the impact of globalization can have both positive and negative connotations depending on where individuals are geographically located and whether they operate in the public or private sector (p 2). Thus, there may be barriers to achieving career success or business leadership for women in China which are directly related to their personal experience or understanding of globalisation. Mamman and Liu (2008) suggest that the form and manner in which globalization is chased by organizations (private or public) and the nation states is an aggregation of thoughts and behaviour of individuals enabled and constrained by global forces (p 6).This kind of understanding would suggest that global fo rces may act as barriers to women becoming business leaders, but it could also be viewed that globalisation could likely be an emancipating force for women in China, because it might at to the lowest degree provide role models for business leadership in other areas and across a diverse range of businesses (Elliott and Stead, 2008). However, it is not enough to cite the forces that emerge from globalisation, such as greater participation in more diverse markets or the presence of women peers with which to do business. It is also important to understand the individual level of response to the new global business environment. It seems that to understand why and how organizations and institutions behave in the global economy, we also need to understand how key actors interpret global phenomenon (p 6). Therefore, accessing individual women who work within business, and women who are want to develop as entrepreneurs, would provide this personal understanding of the global forces of busi ness and perhaps identify more individual as well as international barriers to women succeeding as business leaders.Globalisation is viewed in the business literature usually in positive terms (Mittelman, 2006), but oka (1998) argues that this may not be the case. Oka (1998) suggests that the terminology of globalisation has a distinct connotation of something whole that suggests absolute relatedness, harmony, balance and smoothness (p 32). However, this, according to Oka (1998) is not the case, and there is the argument that globalisation might misdirect social values which underpin society and over-value economics and material gain. However, given the current socialist model of society and economy in China, globalisation may not necessarily be a destabilising force, and the history of business in China in the last two decades certainly suggests that the country and its industry has taken full advantage of the opportunities globalisation presents (Mamman and Liu, 2008 Parker, 200 5).Mamman and Liu (2008) carried out research in individual views and responses to globalisation in China, and found that respondents view globalization from economic perspective rather than from cultural convergence or political convergence perspective. (p 32). This suggests that globalisation is most significant to industry and business for Chinese women in business. Mamman and Liu (2008) also state that their respondents viewed globalisation as a product of capitalism they view globalization not only as economic activities but as a philosophical and ideological (not cultural) shift in the way the world conducts economic activities P 32).This research suggests that globalisation is not part of a potential package of cultural barriers to women business or organisation leaders in China. But Child (2002) does underline the potential cultural conflicts which might challenge women in responding to global business markets, if they have not really had the appropriate training, experience or support during their business or organisational careers. Yet, it may be that many women who wish to assume leadership positions in China are not challenged by global forces or by potential cultural differences, simply because they take a matter-of-fact view of business and leadership. For these, globalisation might erode barriers to them achieving such roles (Dunning, 2003 Fiss and Hirsch, 2005).Understanding the global context however, is possible from international literature. Beck and Davis (2005) cite the case of a financial organisation Australia that was attempting to increase the numbers of women at managerial level. This organisation had to overcome not only attitudinal barriers but personal barriers (Beck and Davis, 2005). Bahry and Marr, (2005) discuss the social and ideological shifts which have changed womens roles and status in Quatar, such that they may be becoming more endowed with the capacity to take on leadership roles. However, Singh and Vinnicombe (2004) sho w that it is still the norm that masculine senior level managers and boards maintain their hegemonic statusEvidence shows that senior women do not easily gain access to the boardroom, where an elite group of male directors maintain their spring (Singh and Vinnicombe, 2004 p 479).If Chinese businesses are being significantly affected by Westernised business practices, there is the potential that these practices present more barriers to women taking on senior leadership positions, rather than helped to change entrenched cultural values which have been seen as inherent in Chinese business practice. Gobalisation may therefore be viewed as a source of new hurdle race and obstacles to be surmounted for women in China. These barriers include what are described as informal or hidden processes associated with senior promotion (Alimo-Metcalfe, 1995), a relative lack of appropriate and available career development routes and activities (Ragins et al, 1998), and, the more obvious barrier, the lower levels of pay allocated to women (Oakley, 2000). There are also behavioural and cultural barriers, which include the gender role stereotyping of leadership capability (Schein and Muller, 2002), communication styles which reflect gendered differences (Tannen, 1994), and the social exclusion, corporate cultural norms, entrenched power dynamics and old boys networks which characterise British and American businesses (Ragins Sundstrom, 1989). It can be seen that while there may be similarities in Chinese businesses in terms of barriers which emerge from traditional business norms and behaviours, there may be others which could be derived from the businesses they are exposed to in the Global marketplace. Therefore, Chinese women may find themselves having to face and adapt to more or different challenges to ascending the corporate or organisational ladder.Personal CapabilitiesOther factors which may affect womens career success at senior level is a perception that they are not cap able of leading businesses as well as men (Cooke, 2004 Kalleberg and Leicht, 2005 Fischlmayr, 2002), and the women being faced with competing family demands, particularly from children (Beatty, 1996). This is not necessarily the case in China, however, because it has become the cultural norm for women to work full time, even after having had children, and women do not take career breaks to have children, a fact which is facilitated by the one-child rule (Cooke, 2004).Women may be viewed however in terms of their gender and this will likely affect not only perceptions of their effectiveness as leaders, but evaluations of their success as well (Gunkel et al, 2007 Gutek, 1985 Fondas, 1997). Ryan and Haslam (2005) suggest that when traditional masculi